二手飞机交易流程及环节之产权交割Transaction process and link of used aircraft property rights delivery

二手飞机交易，不论是空客飞机，还是波音飞机，交易都是非常专业的事情，涉及的流程、团队及专业知识要求非常多。购买二手飞机，远比购买豪宅及豪车是相对复杂很多。

当待交易的飞机技术接收（TA）条件中的无条件接收或有条件接收，但所有条件已满足（即完成纠偏并放行）的两种情况中任一情况满足后，待交易飞机即将进入产权交割阶段。

一、产权交割

产权交割根据APA合同规定，当买卖双方交割前的权利/义务均满足（即到达交付条件）后，监管银行完成相关材料证据收集，确认无误后释放买方汇入监管账户的购机款给卖方，再将待交易飞机的相关产权证明材料交付给买方后即完成飞机产权转移/交割，交易完成。

1、交付条件

交付条件简单说就是一手交钱（购机款）一手交货（产权证明），因涉及巨额资金财产，所以钱和货都需经过第三方（监管银行）托管，只有当交付条件完全满足后监管银行才会执行交割手续。

2、卖方权利（买方义务）

卖方权利简单说就是确保交货后能拿到钱，因此交割前卖方需要收到监管银行出具的买方购机款和一半监管费用（一般6-8K美元）已全部托收的书面确认函。

3、买方权利（卖方义务）

4、交付-产权交割/转移

在待交易飞机交付前，监管银行需要对待售飞机的产权进行调查，确认飞机（包含发动机及其相关部件）所有权明确，不存在任何担保权益或留置权，监管银行还需要确认买卖双方的权利和义务均满足并正式（邮件）通知相关方，相关方确认无误后，监管银行随即启动不可撤销的产权交割/转移程序：

a、将托收的买方购机款扣除一半的监管费用后，余款按业主/卖方要求电汇至指定账户，也可以支付银行融资租赁费用和发动机、APU等保修协议或CMP账户等费用，以便于相关账户结算转让；

b、确认电汇成功后通知相关方，并将托收的业主/卖方已签名但未签署日期的产权证明文件Warranty Bill of Sale、FAA Bill of Sale（卖据）、信托终止文件Trust Termination Documents（一般非B注册才涉及）等文件签署电汇当日日期后释放给买方，即已完成飞机交付-产权交割，所有权由卖方转移至买方，此后飞机的任何损伤或风险由买方承担，与卖方无关（飞机在交付地点买方接收飞机时发现的突发故障或不符合项等买卖双方一致确认的项目除外）。

5、违约

上述情况均为正常交付过程，但实际操作过程中仍可能出现如买方无法支付购机款或拒绝接收飞机；卖方无法提供合格的产权证明，无法完成交易等情况，如此需要依据APA合同进行协商或仲裁解决。

二、卖方注意事项

1、调机

因为税率方面的考虑，很可能交付地点和PPI地点不一样，这样就可能需要将飞机从PPI检查地点调机至另外一个少税/免税地点完成交付，于是可能会涉及调机机组协调问题，一般如仅执行本土调机，可以仅遵守本地适航当局相关规定即可，如B机在美国本土调机，可以由仅有FAA相关资质的机组执行调机，而无需CAAC相关资质，这样可以减少很多不必要的麻烦而降本增效。

2、注销国籍

如果待交易飞机需要转国籍，就需要考虑何时注销当前国籍的问题，因为航空法相关规定飞机拥有国籍证是飞机合法飞行的必要条件之一，故如需要注销国籍一定要在飞机已经调机到达交付地点后再申请注销国籍，注销国籍一般3个工作日左右。另外为避免因买方购机款无法到位而违约，卖方应在收到监管银行已经托收全部购机款确认函后再申请注销国籍，以降低违约损失。

3、出口适航证

如果待交易飞机需要转国籍，买方可能要求卖方提供出口适航证，如此卖方须知道民航局一般需要现场检查飞机物理状态和文件状态评估合格后才能出具出口适航证，故需要在飞机离境前申请办理出口适航证，因为涉及到局方检查员的时间安排，建议预留2周时间获得出口适航证。另外如果待交易的飞机是回飞机制造国注册国籍，可以免出口适航证而再此获得制造国的国籍/适航登记。故如果出口适航证获取较麻烦，可与买方沟通免除出口适航证办理，以提高交易效率。

4、保修协议，CMP等结算与转让

a、罗罗发动机CCA协议是按月预支付下个月账单，为避免足月支付后退款困难（退款成功概率几乎为零），建议与罗罗沟通按照实际交割日期结算当月费用并转让协议权益至下家，或者按照罗罗出具的以实际交割日期计算的账单让买方/监管银行代付，以完成协议的结算和转让；

b、APU保修协议付款为按照当月实际使用小时数出具账单在下个月初支付，在飞机交付当月无法出具当月账单且一般当月费用不高，通常卖方支付APU费用至交付日期的上一个月，买方承担飞机交付当月的APU账单；

c、霍尼韦尔和CMP等账单通常是按照年支付且费用不低（2-5万美元），通常APA合同会规定在交付日期时需保证当前协议有效，但是偶尔可能会碰到因交付日期推迟，相关协议刚好过期不久，从而使得卖方需要承担一笔较大费用的情况，如此可与霍尼韦尔和CMP等厂商或者买方沟通按月折算出具账单结算并转让。

三、买方注意事项

1、产权查询

待交易飞机产权情况通常监管银行会进行调查，但是买方不能让交易风险全部控制在第三方手里，买方可自查或委托律师核查；卖方为控制交易预期节点，卖方或卖方律师也应该提前了解产权情况。

a、IR查询/国际利益登记查询（International Interest Search），买方或其律师向《开普敦公约》国际利益登记处申请查询， 并出具符合行业标准的产权情况报告。《开普敦公约》规定了优先权规则，即：已登记利益优先于其后登记的任何其他利益和未登记利益。通过国际利益登记处可查询的信息有：

1） 国际利益、预期国际利益和可登记的非约定权利和利益；

2） 国际利益的转让和预期转让；

3） 依照法律或者准据法的合同代位取得国际利益；

4） 国家利益通知；

5） 前述各项所述利益的从属利益。

国际利益登记查询网址为：www.internationalregistry.aero。登记或查询前

首先需要向网站申请注册成为开普敦公约用户，被批准成为交易用户实体，简称 TUE（Transacting User Entities)后才能登记或查询，注册费用为200美金左右。

b、民用航空器权利登记及航空器国际利益登记授权代码申办系统查询国内注册飞机的所有权、占有权、抵押权和优先权等产权信息，查询登记网址：arr.caac.gov.cn。

因以上产权登记非强制要求，因此待交易飞机有可能没有进行以上产权登记，如有相关登记，买方会要求进行（所有权、占有权、抵押权和优先权）相关权益登记注销后才能交易，以确保买方在飞机交付后可以更新产权登记并拥有利益优先权。如以上产权查询发现异常，买方则会要求厘清产权关系并注销相关产权登记信息，否则可能导致交易失败，故买卖双方在签署LOI前就需要调查了解待交易飞机的产权情况。

当飞机已经调机到交付地点时，如买方接收检查发现故障或异常且在可修复范围内，建议买卖双方讨论同意后让监管银行预留修复费用后仍正常交割，以避免推迟交割后的费用，文件签署及交易节奏变得难以预计。另外相关故障或异常不应留下技术记录，以免导致更新国籍和适航证受阻。

四、交付文件清单

飞机交付时常见的文件清单如上所示，不同情况可能稍有差异，具体以实际情况为准

Second-hand aircraft trading, whether Airbus aircraft or Boeing aircraft, trading is a very professional matter, involving a lot of processes, teams and expertise. Buying a used airplane is much more complicated than buying a luxury home or car.

When the Technical Reception (TA) conditions of the aircraft to be traded are unconditional or conditional, but all conditions have been met (i.e. complete correction and release), the aircraft to be traded is about to enter the title delivery stage.

I. Delivery of property rights

According to the provisions of the APA contract, when the rights/obligations of both parties before delivery are met (that is, the delivery conditions are reached), the supervisory bank completes the collection of relevant materials and evidence, releases the purchase money remitted by the buyer to the supervisory account to the seller after confirmation, and then delivers the relevant property rights certification materials of the aircraft to be traded to the buyer, the transfer of aircraft property rights/delivery is completed, and the transaction is completed.

1. Delivery conditions

The delivery conditions are simply to hand over the money (purchase money) and deliver the goods (certificate of property rights), because it involves a huge amount of money and property, so the money and goods need to be managed by a third party (regulatory bank), and only when the delivery conditions are fully met will the regulatory bank execute the delivery procedures.

2. Seller's Rights (Buyer's Obligations)

The seller's right is simply to ensure that the money can be obtained after delivery, so before delivery the seller needs to receive a written confirmation from the supervising bank that the buyer's purchase payment and half of the supervision fee (generally 6-8K USD) have been collected in full.

3. Buyer's Rights (Seller's obligations)

4, delivery - property rights delivery/transfer

Prior to the delivery of the aircraft to be traded, the supervising bank is required to investigate the property rights of the aircraft for sale and confirm that the ownership of the aircraft (including the engine and its related components) is clear and there are no security interests or liens. The supervising bank is also required to confirm that the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller are satisfied and notify the relevant party formally (by email). The supervising bank then initiates the irrevocable delivery/transfer process:

a. After deducting half of the supervision fee, the balance shall be wired to the designated account as required by the owner/seller, or the bank finance lease fee, engine, APU and other warranty agreement or CMP account fee, so as to facilitate the settlement and transfer of relevant accounts;

b. Notify relevant parties after confirming the success of telegraphic transfer. The collected owner/seller's signed but not dated Warranty Bill of Sale, FAA Bill of Sale and Trust Termination document will also be included Documents (generally not involved in B registration) and other documents are released to the buyer after the date of signing the wire transfer, that is, the delivery of the aircraft has been completed - the delivery of property rights, the ownership is transferred from the seller to the buyer, and any damage or risk of the aircraft thereafter shall be borne by the buyer. It has nothing to do with the seller (except for the items agreed upon by both parties, such as the sudden failure or non-conformance found when the aircraft is taken over by the buyer at the place of delivery).

5. Breach of Contract

The above conditions are normal delivery process, but the actual operation process may still occur if the buyer cannot pay the purchase price or refuses to take over the aircraft; If the seller is unable to provide qualified title proof or complete the transaction, it is necessary to negotiate or arbitrate according to APA contract.

Ii. Seller's precautions

1. Adjust the machine

Due to tax rate considerations, it is likely that the delivery location is different from the PPI location, so it may be necessary to transfer the aircraft from the PPI inspection location to another tax/tax free location to complete the delivery, so it may involve the coordination of the flight crew. Generally, if only the local flight transfer is performed, it can only comply with the relevant regulations of the local airworthiness authority, such as the flight B is transferred in the United States. It can be performed by the unit with only the FAA relevant qualification, rather than the CAAC relevant qualification, which can reduce a lot of unnecessary trouble and reduce costs and improve efficiency.

2. Cancellation of nationality

If the aircraft to be traded needs to change nationality, it is necessary to consider the issue of when to cancel the current nationality, because the relevant provisions of the aviation law that the aircraft has a nationality certificate is one of the necessary conditions for the lawful flight of the aircraft, so if you need to cancel nationality, you must apply for the cancellation of nationality after the aircraft has been transferred to the delivery place, and the cancellation of nationality is generally about 3 working days. In addition, in order to avoid default due to the inability of the buyer to purchase the machine, the seller shall apply for the cancellation of nationality after receiving the confirmation letter that the supervisory bank has collected the entire purchase of the machine, so as to reduce the loss of default.

3. Export airworthiness certificate

If the aircraft to be traded needs to change nationality, the buyer may require the seller to provide an export airworthiness certificate. In this case, the seller must know that the Civil Aviation Administration generally needs to check the physical state and document status of the aircraft on site before it can issue an export airworthiness certificate, so it is necessary to apply for an export airworthiness certificate before the aircraft leaves the country, because it involves the time arrangement of the bureau's inspectors. It is recommended to allow 2 weeks to obtain an export airworthiness certificate. In addition, if the aircraft to be traded is registered in the country of manufacture, you can obtain the nationality/airworthiness registration of the country of manufacture without exporting the airworthiness certificate. Therefore, if it is difficult to obtain the export airworthiness certificate, you can communicate with the buyer to exempt the export airworthiness certificate to improve the transaction efficiency.

4, warranty agreement, CMP settlement and transfer

A. The CCA agreement of Rolls-Royce Engine is to pay the next month's bill in advance on a monthly basis. In order to avoid the difficulty of refund after full payment (the probability of success of refund is almost zero), it is recommended to communicate with Rolls-Royce to settle the monthly cost according to the actual delivery date and transfer the agreement rights and interests to the next company, or to ask the buyer/supervisory bank to pay according to the bill calculated on the actual delivery date issued by Rolls-Royce. To complete the settlement and transfer of the Agreement;

b. APU warranty Agreement payment shall be paid at the beginning of the next month according to the actual hours used in the month. The monthly bill cannot be issued in the month when the aircraft is delivered, and the monthly fee is generally not high.

c, Honeywell, CMP and other bills are usually paid on an annual basis and the fee is not low ($20,000 - $50,000), usually APA contracts will stipulate that the current agreement must be valid at the delivery date, but occasionally there may be a delay in the delivery date and the relevant agreement just expires, which makes the seller need to bear a large cost. In this way, it can communicate with manufacturers such as Honeywell and CMP or the buyer to issue bills and settle and transfer on a monthly basis.

Iii. Buyer's precautions

1. Property rights inquiry

The regulatory bank will usually investigate the property rights of the aircraft to be traded, but the buyer cannot control all the transaction risks in the hands of a third party, the buyer can self-check or entrust a lawyer to check; In order for the seller to control the expected node of the transaction, the seller or the seller's lawyer should also know the title situation in advance.

a, IR inquiry/International Interest registration inquiry (International Interest Search), the buyer or his lawyer to the Cape Town Convention International interest Registry to apply for inquiry, and issue a property rights report in line with industry standards. The Cape Town Convention provides for priority rules whereby registered interests take precedence over any other interests subsequently registered and unregistered interests. Information available through the International Register of Interests is:

1) International interests, anticipated international interests and registrable non-agreed rights and interests;

2) The transfer and expected transfer of international interests;

(3) Obtaining international interests by contractual subrogation in accordance with law or applicable law;

4) Notice of national interest;

5) Subordinate interests to the interests described above.

The interests of the international registration query url is: www.internationalregistry.aero. Before registration or inquiry

First of all, you need to apply to the website to register as a Cape Town Convention User, after being approved as a transaction user entity, referred to as TUE (Transacting User Entities) to register or query, the registration fee is about 200 US dollars.

b, Civil aircraft Rights Registration and Aircraft International Interest registration authorization code application system to query the ownership, possession, mortgage and priority of domestic registered aircraft property information, query registration website: arr.caac.gov.cn.

Since the above title registration is not mandatory, the aircraft to be traded may not have the above title registration. If there is such registration, the buyer will require the registration (ownership, possession, mortgage and priority) to be cancelled before the transaction, so as to ensure that the buyer can update the title registration and have the interest priority after the delivery of the aircraft. If the above property rights inquiry is found abnormal, the buyer will ask to clarify the property rights relationship and cancel the relevant property rights registration information, otherwise it may lead to the failure of the transaction, so the buyer and the seller need to investigate the property rights of the aircraft to be traded before signing the LOI.

When the aircraft has been transferred to the delivery place, if the buyer receives inspection and finds faults or anomalies within the repairable range, it is suggested that the buyer and the seller discuss and agree to ask the supervisory bank to reserve repair fees and still deliver normally, so as to avoid delayed delivery costs, document signing and transaction rhythm become difficult to predict. In addition, relevant faults or anomalies should not leave technical records, so as not to lead to the renewal of nationality and airworthiness certificate.

Iv. List of documents delivered

The list of common documents for aircraft delivery is shown above, which may vary slightly depending on the actual situation